Paediatric Solid Tumors Solid tumor is a term used to describe many forms of cancer that can happen throughout the body. Some types of cancerous (malignant) tumors tend to occur in young children, and others occur in adolescents and young adults. Different tumor types tend to occur in particular body locations, leading to characteristic signs and symptoms, such as bone pain in children with bone tumors, or swelling in the abdomen in children with Wilms tumor or neuroblastoma. Some children may be very ill, and some children may not have any symptoms at all. Types of Solid Tumors 1. Wilms Tumor : Wilms tumor (also called Wilms’ tumor or nephroblastoma) is a type of childhood cancer that starts in the kidneys. It is the most common type of kidney cancer in children. About 9 of 10 kidney cancers in children are Wilms tumors. Cancer starts when cells in the body begin to grow out of control. Cells in nearly any part of the body can become cancer, and can spread to other areas of the body. To learn more about how cancers start and spread, see What Is Cancer? For information about the differences between childhood cancers and adult cancers, see Cancer in Children.

Inborn Errors of Metabolism Inborn errors of metabolism are rare genetic disorders that affect the body’s metabolism. Metabolism describes the body’s ability to convert food and drink into energy, as well as get rid of certain wastes made during that process. It’s a complex process that uses many different chemicals, enzymes, hormones, cells, and organs to work properly. With inborn errors of metabolism, certain enzymes don’t work properly or the body doesn’t make enough of an enzyme. This disrupts the process of metabolism. The body may be blocked from using substances it needs to function. Or, waste substances can build up in the body and become toxic. These issues can cause health problems, including serious developmental problems in young children. There are several different inborn errors of metabolism, including: Fructose intolerance Fructose intolerance Maple sugar urine disease (MSUD) Phenylketonuria (PKU) Urea Cycle Disorder (UCD)

Immunodeficiency Disorders Immunodeficiency disorders prevent your body from fighting infections and diseases. This type of disorder makes it easier for you to catch viruses and bacterial infections. Immunodeficiency disorders are either congenital or acquired. A congenital, or primary, disorder is one you were born with. Acquired, or secondary, disorders you get later in life. Acquired disorders are more common than congenital disorders. What are the different types of immunodeficiency disorders? An immune deficiency disease occurs when the immune system is not working properly. If you are born with a deficiency or if there is a genetic cause, it is called primary immunodeficiency disease. There are more than 100 primary immunodeficiency disorders. Examples of primary immunodeficiency disorders include: X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), which is known as alymphocytosis or “boy in a bubble” disease Signs of an immunodeficiency disorder Each disorder has unique symptoms that can be frequent or chronic. Some of these symptoms can include: Sinus Infections Colds Diarrhea Pneumonia Yeast Infections If these problems don’t respond to treatment or you don’t completely get better over time, your doctor might test you for an immunodeficiency disorder. How are immunodeficiency disorders treated? Treatment for immunodeficiency disorders commonly includes antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, medication and immunoglobulin therapy. Most of the primary immunodeficiency disorder diseases can be permanently cured with HSCT.

Bone marrow transplant (BMT) also called as hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) is the procedure that is used to replace the unhealthy bone marrow with new and healthy bone marrow. Bone marrow is the soft, fatty tissue inside the bones that is responsible for the production of blood cells. There are several medical conditions due to which the bone marrow become dysfunctional and therefore needs to be replaced. Further there are multiple types of Bone Marrow Transplants based on the donor of the bone marrow or stem cells.